The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. Genocide in Somalia's Jubba Valley and Somali Bantu Refugees - Items cit. cit. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? But he also displayed a dangerous pathology, perhaps born of his reduced birth, and the suffering that his mother endured on his behalf, but also, perhaps, because of hidden homosexuality. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. Beginning around 1500BCE, members of the proto-Bantu language group migrated eastward and southward from West Africa, crossing vast swathes of the continent over hundreds of years. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. This inspired the Bantu to conquer more areas to capture more slaves and expand further . followed by the recent Bantu expansion separating the two regions.One . The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6, https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. By the end of the day the Ndwandwe force, although it still outnumbered Shaka's, was in full retreat. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. Although early models posited that the early speakers were both iron-using and agricultural, definitive archaeological evidence that they used iron does not appear until as late as 400BC, though they were agricultural. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. New research pokes holes in idea of 'Bantu expansion' in West Africa It is thought that Central African Pygmies and Bantus branched out from a common ancestral population c. 70,000 years ago. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. Total loading time: 0 In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. The date is contested, but most historians agree the Bantu Expansion began around 1500BCE. The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Another stream of migration, having moved east by 3,000 years ago (1000BC), was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. The migrants settled in three primary areas. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Any proof of their numbers? On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. The Khoisan and Pygmies live in Southern and Central Africa, respectively. Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. [16] The majority of the groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2 millennia to date), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. The Bantu Expansion is unique among ancient dispersals of peoples and languages due to its combination of high amplitude, rapid pace, and adaptation to multiple ecozones ().The spread of Bantu-speaking people from a homeland region on the border between Nigeria and Cameroon toward eastern and southern Africa starting ~4000 years ago had a momentous impact on the continent's linguistic . This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. In both these stages the Bantu expansion seems to have coincided fairly closely with the spread of the Iron Age; and, if the spread of the Iron Age through the area north of the southern woodlands can now be traced in something like the detail which we already have for Zambia and Rhodesia, the mystery of the Bantu expansion will have been largely unravelled. Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of - PNAS Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. Two major events in the recent paleoenvironmental history of Central Africa might have influenced the route of the Bantu expansion (10-18).The first was a contraction at 4,000 B.P. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. The Bantu people wielded significant influence and undoubtedly dominated every area they settled in. and One of the many ways used by white supremacists and apologists to legitimize colonialism of the African continent & genocide of its people. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. However, attempts to trace the exact route of the expansion, to correlate it with archaeological evidence and genetic evidence, have not been conclusive; thus although the expansion is widely accepted as having taken place, many aspects of it remain in doubt or are highly contested. [29] The western branch, not necessarily linguistically distinct, according to Christopher Ehret, followed the coast and the major rivers of the Congo system southward, reaching central Angola by around 500BC. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. The majority of sub-Saharan Africans speak one or more Bantu languages and modern African states are heavily affected by their Bantu-migrant predecessors. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. Masaman : The Bantu Expansion | Somali Spot | Forum, News, Videos It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. If you would like to reproduce it please get in touch via this form. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Control of East Africa was essential to the Allies as [], By Madison Moulton Looking out at the North Sea the body of water dividing Britain and the rest of Europe you would never suspect this hub of marine activity was once not a marine environment at all. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. The Urewe culture dominated the Great Lakes region between 650BC and 550BC. Historical Maps, Prints, Photographs and Books, Off Green Island, Bass Strait, 1893 Framed Print, Port Jackson from Vaucluse, c1800 Framed Print, Taking back the Homeland Ethiopian Guerrillas in World War II, Doggerland: The Lost World Beneath the North Sea, Interesting Stories of the Mound-Building Native American Civilizations of the Midwest, Map of New Holland and Asiatic Isles, 1814 Framed Print, reproduce it please get in touch via this form, The Conquerors Perspective: Why Europe Has so Many Different Languages, A Continents Currency: 20 years of the Euro, The Roman dead: new techniques are revealing just how diverse Roman Britainwas, Secondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers. [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. Your email address will not be published. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. It is connected with complex population movements starting north of Central Africa and led to the progressive colonisation of a vast area further south. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. These innovations facilitated population growth and the division of labour, forming powerful Bantu-controlled African states in the process. ), A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History, Studies in African Linguistic Classification, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages. Shaka, the 'Mfecane' and Africa's first recorded genocide Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. In Eastern and Southern Africa, Bantu speakers may have adopted livestock husbandry from other unrelated Cushitic-and Nilotic-speaking peoples they encountered. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university. That's a bold claim. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. But the Zulu race itself was not innocent of genocide. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. As for (2), the chapter argues that the earliest Bantu speakers had their own archeologically visible culture, but they were not farmers. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. In the process, the Proto-Bantu-speaking settlers displaced or absorbed pre-existing hunter-gatherer and pastoralist groups that they encountered. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. The hypothesized Bantu expansion pushed out or assimilated the hunter-forager proto-Khoisan, who had formerly inhabited Southern Africa. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. . Because he's literate And using reason to research DNA and other recorded information. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. When they reached the Zulu shield-wall, they were so tightly bunched they could scarcely fight. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. There are no reliable figures, but the combined death toll of the Mfecane is estimated to be upwards of 2 million. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. The infamous Rwandan genocide was triggered by the tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis. In South Africa, however, a more complex intermixing could have taken place.[31]. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. Formed in 1075, Mapungubwe was a renowned trading city linking Africa, Asia, and Europe. The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. Its a MYTH. 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. READ: The Spread of Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Bantu Migration In many ways, it defined the British Empire. [28] Where Bantu was adopted via language shift of existing populations, prior African languages were spoken, probably from African language families that are now lost, except as substrate influences of local Bantu languages (such as click sounds in local Bantu languages). Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. Yet there's no evidence for both migrations. They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. These communities also integrated and intermarried with the communities already present at the coast. Even then Bantus aren't native to Tanzania. 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa.
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