The Sultana's captain and its chief engineer also allowed a mechanic to make a quick and inadequate repair to a damaged boiler, Potter says. Highlights of the Mississippi River Cruise: Round-trip from New Orleans Length: Five days Price: Starts at $2,405 per person Enjoy a complimentary overnight in New Orleans before embarking on. No one was ever held accountable for the tragedy. Instead, Mason and his chief engineer, Nathan Wintringer, convinced the mechanic to make temporary repairs, hammering back the bulged boiler plate and riveting a patch of lesser thickness over the seam. [18] Louden, a former Confederate agent and saboteur who operated in and around St. Louis, had been responsible for the burning of the steamboat Ruth. A train derailment in southwestern Wisconsin on Thursday sent two derailed containers into the Mississippi River, and at least four employees were injured, according to officials. Hundreds of steamboats were wrecked on the Missouri. He/she ate the same fare as the roustabouts and hands unless he/she bought a dinner ticket. The name stuck. "He told the captain and the chief engineer the boiler was not safe, but the engineer said he would have a complete repair job done when the boat made it to St. In Malta Bend, Missouri, there's one that sank loaded down with expensive and rare trading . "The war had just ended a few weeks before," he says. 1820 1830 April 21, 1838 - Oronoko Most of the passengers were asleep at the time Killed almost everyone either instantly or later from wounds it caused 109 people died 1840 Was traveling to St. Louis when it hit a snag and had several planks torn from the bottom of the boat Train derails near Wisconsin-Iowa border; 2 cars float down Mississippi And, in fact, when the boats used the regular flue boilers, the sediment in the water was not too much of a problem. The ship, which archaeologists. [4]:50,5556 Although Sultana had a legal capacity of only 376, by the time she backed away from Vicksburg on the night of April 24, she was severely overcrowded with over 1,953 paroled prisoners, 22 guards from the 58th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, over 70 fare-paying cabin passengers, and 85 crew members, for a total of 2,130 people. Cardinals latest, deflating loss compounds concerns, Man shot, killed near Kiener Plaza in downtown St. Louis, What was Andrew Knizner thinking? The steamboat sank shortly after it struck submerged rocks at 2:20 a.m. All 91 passengers and crew members reached the island by gangplank, and were rescued later that day by a towboat. I do not feel that it lets would-be historians off the hook as long as they go the extra mile and gather the basic facts, etc., through diligent leg work. Charcoal Hammered No. Lena Kent, a . The power of the boilers came with risk - the water levels in the fire tubes had to be carefully maintained at all times. In 2015, after I retired, I decided to look at all the known lists to discover who was actually on the Sultana and how many lived and died. Mississippi River at Lansing at crest Friday evening Late in April of 1865, the Mississippi stood at flood stage. Train derails into Mississippi River near Wisconsin community Barrels of flour were emptied on the ground, and the terribly burned victims were rolled in it and placed in the shade. William "Buck" Leyhe, who had sold Eagle Packet Co. the year before, waits for rescue on Grand Tower Island after the Golden Eagle sank. And many of them were saved by local residents, like John Fogelman an ancestor of the city of Marion's current mayor, Frank Fogelman. Author Q&ADestruction of the Steamboat Sultana, Fred Schultz has been in the publishing business since 1980 and was editor-in-chief of. New York: Dover Maritime, 1994. Last chance! 2, a stern-wheel steamboat. He is currently a freelance writer living in Annapolis. During the 1850s, traffic soared. Cape Girardeau:Later renamed the River Queen, the vessel sank in 1968. Nick Wall [Steamboat] - Encyclopedia of Arkansas GES: The dirty river water of the lower Mississippi was not really thought of as a problem by the steamboat captains or engineers. from 1993-2005. "At 2 a.m., one of the boilers exploded, resulting in two other boilers exploding," Potter says. In a seeming paradox of frontier boosterism, Lloyds book sold this terrible recent history of the Mississippi as a romantic feature of the area. Introduced in 1848, they could generate twice as much steam per fuel load as conventional boilers. Regaining control, Smith wheeled toward the island and shoved the bow against the bank as the boat listed to port. Poster: Shows location of 31 steamboat sinkings on Mississippi River between Trempealeau, WI and Victory, WI (many boats were recovered and refitted). But perhaps the best explanation is that after years of bloody conflict, the nation was simply tired of hearing about war and death. However, Sultana was a coal-burning boat and not a wood-burner. The Hayne was sold in 1908 to C.J. Further back, the collapsing decks formed a slope that led down into the exposed furnace boxes. FROM THE VAULT: Rollin' on the River - The Vicksburg Post Each fire-tube boiler was 18 feet (5.5m) long and 46 inches (120cm) in diameter and contained 24 five-inch (13cm) flues which ran from the firebox to the chimney.[3]. 2023 Leyhe died in St. Louis in 1956 at age 83. He was a passenger on its trip to Nashville, Tenn. (Post-Dispatch), Passengers pass time on Grand Tower Island until they were picked up by a passing towboat. So on the 150th anniversary of the sinking, the city of Marion, Ark., is trying to make sure the Sultana will be remembered. Sultana launched on January 3, 1863, the fifth steamboat to bear the name. You've read 1 out of 5 free articles of Naval History this month. Recollections of a Rebel ReeferVol. Whenever possible, I tried to dispel that myth. Given as the "John Lithoberry Shipyard" on Ohio Historical Marker 1831 (1999) on the Ohio River at Sawyer Point. THIS DAY IN HISTORY - Union soldiers die in steamship explosion - 1865 "The paddle wheel fell off of one side, caused the boat to turn sideways; the other paddle wheel fell off.". GES: Sultana (No. Explosion and Burning of the Steamboat Teche on the Mississippi River, May 5, 1825. Since then, he says, studying the Sultana has become an obsession. It was the last wooden-hulled passenger boat to travel the Mississippi. [5] About ten hours south of Vicksburg, one of Sultana's four boilers sprang a leak. Although brought up on courts-martial charges, Hatch managed to get letters of recommendation from no less reputable personages than President Lincoln and General Ulysses S. Grant. In 1859 the Princess was a four-year-old state-of-the-art side-wheel paddleboat. A tall mirror glistened behind the walnut bar. (Post-Dispatch), Capt. He was company president for many years and sold the company in 1946. MALTA BEND, Mo. Almost all were Union soldiers who had survived the . [21], Two years earlier, in May 1886, came a claim that 2nd Lt. James Worthington Barrett, an ex-prisoner and passenger on the steamboat, had caused the explosion. As stated in the 1903 newspaper article, the log was mistakenly taken by Sultana. It went upward at a 45-degree angle, tearing through the crowded decks above and completely destroying the pilothouse, instantly killing Captain Mason. This led to many accidents and groundings. Mississippi River's low water level reveals shipwreck, apparently a Unlike many of the nautical discoveries in. Or does it let would-be historians off the hook from paying their own dues for embarking on the composition of a piece of nonfiction? Tubular boilers were discontinued from use on steamboats plying the Lower Mississippi after two more steamboats with tubular boilers exploded shortly after the Sultana explosion. Slate is published by The Slate Explosion of the Helen McGregor, At Memphis, Tennessee, February 24, 1830. It was soon employed to carry troops and supplies along the "It won't move!" An engraving of the Sultana explosion, published in Harpers Weekly, May 20, 1865. tragically sunk during the civil war the sultana accident took as many lives as the titanic but has garnered far . The steamboat business always had been a risky affair. The exact number of steamboat accidents in Iowa Rivers is not known. She also carried a crew of 85. Poster 17" x 22". Library of Congress Sultana was a commercial side-wheel steamboat which exploded and sank on the Mississippi River on April 27, 1865, killing 1,169 people in what remains the worst maritime disaster in United States history. Persac, Marie Adrien (Artist). The Nick Wall, named for a noteworthy Missouri River riverboat captain, was a 338-ton sternwheel paddleboat built in 1869 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. [4]:12 On the morning of April 15, she was tied up at Cairo, Illinois, when word reached the city that U.S. President Abraham Lincoln had been shot in Washington, D.C. The Tricky Missouri River and the Steamboat Bertrand, The First Bridge Over the Mississippi and the Effie Afton, Majestic Riverboat Reigned on the Mississippi, Simulated travel guide describing travel conditions in Iowa from 1830 to 1879, Personal accounts from a steamboat captain describing life on the Mississippi transporting lumber, Article describes the history of steamboats in Iowa City in the 1800s, Transcribed official records, newspaper clippings, historical accounts and diary entries about life on the Mississippi River, Transcribed official records, newspaper clippings, historical accounts and diary entries about life on the Missouri River, Audio story about the last riverboat gambling cruise of the Mississippi Belle II in 2007, Ginalie Swaim Ed., Steaming Up the River,. A freight train carrying hazardous materials derailed in southwestern Wisconsin on Thursday, injuring four employees and sending two containers into the Mississippi River. The city of Vicksburg was ravaged by the American Civil War, and so were the men who were about to board the steamboat Sultana. Publisher James T. Lloyd's 1856 book Lloyd's Steamboat Directory, and Disasters on the Western Waters, is illustrated by 32 woodcuts of explosions, fires, and foundering ships, chronicling a. 1, which tends to become brittle with prolonged heating and cooling. Smith shouted at 2:20 a.m., suddenly unable to turn the steering wheel. "A few weeks earlier, he might have been attacking the Sultana if it had come in.". While wealthy patrons might buy drinks all night at the bar, the bar was usually privately owned, with just a share of the profits going to the steamboat captain and/or owner. He has conducted interviews with some 75 high-profile people, including historians, government officials, combat veterans, journalists, explorers, and Hollywood stars. The Sultana sank in the Mississippi River near Marion, and over the years, the wreck was eventually covered with silt. The Nick Wall was a sternwheel river packet that struck a snag on the Mississippi River near Grand Lake (Chicot County) on December 18, 1870. As to whether it is a good thing or not, yes, I believe that it is a good thing to do so much research and get so much information from the internet. And, the cost of a stateroom was not based on the wealth of the traveler. [4]:33,3435,38,4041, While the paroled prisoners, primarily from the states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee and West Virginia,[4]:226290 were brought from the parole camp to Sultana, a mechanic was brought down to work on the leaky boiler. The steamboat has been submerged in the water of the Missouri river ever since. Golden Eagle's pilot house was salvaged. 2) The use of the sediment-laden Mississippi River water to feed the boilers. Get up-close and in-depth when examining artifacts such as photographs. [12] In 1880, the War Department placed the number of survivors at 931, but the most recent research places the number at 961. American Queen steamboat crewman falls in Mississippi near Baton Rouge Find out more about what this space is all abouthere. Mrs. Lind's birthday cake was lost, but fellow evacuees serenaded her as morning sun warmed their island refuge. Capt. Shipwrecks - Inland Waterways - WI Shipwrecks Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. He has conducted interviews with some 75 high-profile people, including historians, government officials, combat veterans, journalists, explorers, and Hollywood stars. On April 27, 1865, a steamboat named the Sultana exploded and sank while transporting Union soldiers up the Mississippi. For two years, she ran a regular route between St. Louis and New Orleans and was frequently commissioned to carry troops during the American Civil War. [4]:79 First one boiler exploded, followed a split-second later by two more. Steamboats collided or caught on fire. The First Bridge Over the Mississippi and the Effie Afton Why should potential readers care? Shipwreck found in Mississippi River near Grand Tower, Ill. - KFVS12 Explosion of the Oronoko, April 21, 1838, near Princeton, Mississippi. "And the entire center of the boat erupted like a volcano.". Salecker, historical consultant for the Sultana Disaster Museum in Marion, Arkansas, recently participated in an author q&a with former Naval History editor-in-chief Fred Schultz to discuss the book: FS: After having read your exhaustive story of the various iterations of the steamboat Sultana, I couldnt help but compare her fate to the loss of the Titanic, which, as Im sure you know, has received much more attention from historians. "We feel like we're a part of this Civil War story, but we're the conclusion that no one heard," says Lisa O'Neal, a Marion resident and member of the Sultana Historic Preservation Society. FS: In the course of your story, you declare that It is now possible to write a work of historical nonfiction without ever leaving home. How do you actually feel about that? By Lieutenant Commander Ralph P. Dillon, U. S. Naval Reserve. [4]:2728, Upon reaching Vicksburg, Mississippi, Mason was approached by Captain Reuben Hatch, the chief quartermaster at Vicksburg, with a proposal. "It's clear that he had bribed an officer at Vicksburg to ensure that he would get a large load of prisoners," Potter says. The sternwheel paddleboat that would later be named the Eclipse was built in 1901 at St. Joseph, Missouri, for Captain A. Stewart for service on the Missouri River, and was christened the City of St. Joseph . Crew members roused passengers and swung a gangplank onto land. FS: It seems to this reader that one of the main reasons for such a series of disasters for vessels named Sultana is that the owners of the steamers and the people entrusted with actually navigating the ships [boats] were ignoring the fact that overcrowding may have been the principal reason for the long list of tragedies. Since most steamboats of the time were constructed of wood covered with paint and varnish, fires were a significant concern. Explosion of the Oronoko, April 21, 1838, near Princeton, Mississippi. Newspaper accounts indicate that the residents of Memphis had sympathy for the victims despite the ongoing Union occupation. Beneath Tennessee River, Steamboat Wreckage Presents Mystery Once the driving force of the southeast Tennessee city's economic growth, Chattanooga's riverfront is home to just the 10th shipwreck recorded in state history - a boat whose story time forgot. Fred Schultz has been in the publishing business since 1980 and was editor-in-chief ofNaval History from 1993-2005. Burning of the Orline St. John, near Montgomery, Alabama, March 2, 1850. The Mississippi was not as dangerous. [4]:164 Other vessels joined the rescue, including the steamers Silver Spray, Jenny Lind, and Pocahontas, the navy ironclad USS Essex and the sidewheel gunboat USSTyler. April 27, 2023. [13] The dead soldiers were interred at the Fort Pickering cemetery, located on the south shore of Memphis. 3. the Steamboat Era in Illinois The Princess ran weekly round trips from New Orleans to Vicksburg, Mississippi and back, departing the New Orleans wharf promptly at 5 p.m. every Tuesday. Steamboat Princess Disaster - 64 Parishes "It's pretty exciting. It was part of the museum's River Room. The Golden Eagle's new St. Louis-based owners left it to the river's mercy. Mississippi River waters keep rising in Iowa and Illinois | KTLA They can search material held in small, local historical societies. More and more government documents are coming online every day, so it is now quick and easy to make a search for needed information. (Post-Dispatch), Ruth Ferris, assistant curator at the Missouri Historical Society (now the History Museum), displays the steering wheel in the Golden Eagle pilot house as it went on display in the museum on May 2, 1962. Sultana was a commercial side-wheel steamboat which exploded and sank on the Mississippi River on April 27, 1865, killing 1,169 people in what remains the worst maritime disaster in United States history. William "Buck" Lehye, who sold the Golden Eagle one year before, and Mrs. Frank Lind, a lifelong fancier of steamboat travel. by Kelby Ouchley Courtesy of The Historic New Orleans Collection Steamboat Princess. To the left are the smokestacks of the Union Electric Co. plant at Cahokia. (Post-Dispatch), The Golden Eagle moored on the St. Louis riverfront in May 1946. Then the captain did his best to steer around the dead trees, but sometimes they were hidden underwater. In support of Louden's claim, what appeared to be a piece of an artillery shell was said to be recovered from the sunken wreck. The steamboat needed a lot of steam power to pull away from the shore. It's estimated between 300 and 400 boats have sunk along the Missouri River. Send to: Patrick Rash. As shown in my book, when steam navigation of American waterways first began, there were very little, if any, laws for safety. BNSF said in a statement that two of . Steamboat companies often made huge profits by carrying tons of cargo to rapidly growing communities. The term steamboat is used to refer to smaller, insular, steam-powered boats working on lakes and rivers . The letters reside in the National Archives in Washington, D.C. After the disaster, Reuben Benton Hatch refused three separate subpoenas to appear before Captain Speed's trial and give testimony. FERRYVILLE - A train derailed along the Mississippi River Thursday afternoon in southwest Wisconsin, leaving several cars overturned and jumbled along the bluff and two cars floating . Only six years before, it had foundered in the river near Chester, Ill., with one crew member lost. No one seemed to question the danger of a steamboat race until there was an accident or the boilers exploded. The Sultana made it only a few miles north of Memphis. FS: What was the role played by the last Sultana in the Civil War, and how significant was that role? There was no manifest to record the names of passengers aboard the Princess at the time of the disaster. However, they were not without hazards, as high-pressure steam boilers manufactured according to the science of the day were analogous to kegs of dynamite. The boat and its entire cargo was a total loss. Group, a Graham Holdings Company. A year later, when the U.S. government established the Memphis National Cemetery[4]:206 on the northeast side of the city, the bodies were moved there. Its sister craft included the Spread Eagle and the Bald Eagle. That day, he says, the water was moving very quickly and contained a lot of trees and other debris. The museum also features many artifacts from the Sultana Survivor's Association, as well as a fourteen-foot model replica of the boat. Since the US government was paying steamboat captains a dividend to carry the prisoners back north, Captain Hatch and the captain of the Sultana worked out a deal whereby Hatch would guarantee a large load of ex-prisoners for the Sultana in exchange for a kickback of the government funds from Captain Mason. Effie Afton Hits the Bridge. How do you feel about that? GES: I agree wholeheartedly. FS: Your handling of how the owners and crews of these vessels seemed to have not factored in the reality that dirty river water was not suitable for being used to create steam, and thus propulsion. [24]:193197, Despite the magnitude of the disaster, no one was ever formally held accountable. 2 likes, 0 comments - BHYHA (@bhyhapodcast) on Instagram: "On this day in 1865.The steamboat Sultana explodes on the Mississippi River near Memphis, killi." BHYHA on Instagram: "On this day in 1865.The steamboat Sultana explodes on the Mississippi River near Memphis, killing 1,700 passengers including many discharged Union soldiers. Frank Barton is the descendant of one of those Confederate soldiers, a man named Franklin Hardin Barton. Then, once some laws were passed, they were generally ignored. Steamboats on the Mississippi River The first steamboat on the Mississippi River along Iowa's border was the 109-ton Virginia, on its way to Fort Snelling (now Saint Paul, Minnesota) in May 1823. On April 27, 1865, the steamboat Sultana exploded and sank while traveling up the Mississippi River, killing an estimated 1,800 people. After the fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, Louisiana, in July 1863 and the opening of the Mississippi, the Sultana was used to bring cotton from parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas that were now under Union control up north so that it could be sent to Eastern manufacturers that had been starving for the raw material. Packed on board the riverboat Sultana when her boilers blew, recently freed Union POWs faced being consumed by flames or drowning in the Mississippi. [4]:40, Although Hatch had suggested that Mason might get as many as 1,400 released Union prisoners, a mix-up with the parole camp books and suspicion of bribery from other steamboat captains caused the Union officer in charge of the loading, Captain George Augustus Williams, to place every man at the parole camp on board Sultana, believing the number to be less than 1,500. A potential reader should care about this story because it shows that greed and corruption in the government is not a new thing. Lake Geneva. {{start_at_rate}} {{format_dollars}} {{start_price}} {{format_cents}} {{term}}, {{promotional_format_dollars}}{{promotional_price}}{{promotional_format_cents}} {{term}}, Cardinals send prized prospect Jordan Walker to Class AAA in curious series of moves, Rudderless ship of chaos: St. Louis judge advances Kim Gardner contempt case, What Oliver Marmols gamble in ninth vs. LA reveals about managing to spark Cardinals, How sending Jordan Walker to Class AAA is a bet clarity can correct muddled outfield: Cardinals Extra, Messenger: Kim Gardner drives the judicial bus over her employees and into the ditch, A closer on ice. The fires still going against the empty boiler created hot spots. In the thirty years prior to the Civil War, several thousand lives were lost in steamboat calamities. The Sultana should be remembered because what happened to her need not have happened. The Sultana was launched from Cincinnati in 1863. Paul recorded 41 steamboat arrivals in 1844, and 95 in 1849. The earliest steamboat disaster in Arkansas waters may have been the Car of Commerce, which suffered a boiler explosion north of Osceola (Mississippi County) on the Mississippi River in 1828, killing twenty-one people, while the deadliest was the loss of the Sultana near Marion (Crittenden County) on April 27, 1865, in which as many as 1,800 were On May 6, 1856 a steamboat named Effie Afton crashed into the bridge, destroying the steamboat as well as part of the bridge. "All the boilers, four in number, burst simultaneously . Bad storms hit the river in the summer. Sultana (steamboat) - Wikipedia All Rights Reserved. BNSF Railway says two of three locomotives and "an unknown number of cars carrying freights of all kinds" derailed onto the banks of the Mississippi River around 12:15 p.m. Crews are now working . Under reduced pressure, the steamboat limped into Vicksburg to get the boiler repaired and to pick up her promised load of prisoners. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing, 1992. Students tour the pilot house of the Golden Eagle on display at the U.S. Army Engineers base at the foot of Arsenal Street on Jan. 4, 1948. By Commander Robert Frank Bennett, U. S. Coast Guard. That meant another expensive trip and more time. Almost 1,200 people perished. Three civilian victims of the wreck of Sultana are interred at Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis. Among other St. Louisans along for the ride was Capt. ", 15th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment, Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, Judge Advocate General of the United States Army, "Sultana: A Tragic Postscript to the Civil War", https://www.nationalboard.org/SiteDocuments/General%20Meeting/Jennings.pdf, "The Sultana Disaster (Coal Torpedo theory)", http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/civil-war-sabotage/, Sultana museum in Arkansas memorializes 1,169 people who died in river, "Surviving the Worst: The Wreck of the Sultana at the End of the American Civil War", "Blues in the Water, by King's German Legion", "Ardent Presents: Cory Branan "The Wreck of the Sultana", "Remember the Sultana | Film Threat - Part 2", Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1865, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&oldid=1152358259, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Initially Capt. Flatboats and keelboats carried cargo down the river. 2012 was additionally when the river was low sufficient to expose five steamboat wrecks along the Missouri River between St. Charles and Bridgeton. Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from 64 Parishes. In writing my first few books I literally had to go to the U.S., state, and military archives to do my research. By August 1872 the count of steamboats under the Burlington Railroad Bridge was 147, while the 1,108 engines and trains crossed over that bridge during the same month. Barges still carry some goods on the river, but trains and trucks carry most of the freight in America. Under the command of Captain James Cass Mason of St. Louis, Sultana left St. Louis on April 13, 1865, bound for New Orleans. By the post-World War II era, screw-propellered, diesel-powered, flat-nosed towboats dotted the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Mississippi River Systems that once had hosted the Steamboat Age. The most recent investigation into the cause of the disaster by Pat Jennings, principal engineer of Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, which came into existence in 1866 because of the Sultana explosion, determined that three main factors led to the disaster: 1) The type of metal used in the construction of the boilers Charcoal Hammered No. 2 As rapidly as the number of steamboats increased, they could not keep pace with demand. Explosion of the Moselle, Near Cincinnati, Ohio, April 25, 1838. Steamboating | Tennessee Encyclopedia The Wreck of the Sultana for visitors to the Mississippi River Wreck of the Montana - YouTube ARCHERAt Galena, from St. Louis, Sept. 8, 1845; sunk by collision with steamer "Di Vernon", in chute between islands 521 and 522, five miles above mouth of Illinois River, Nov. 27, 1851; was cut in two, and sunk in three minutes, with a loss of forty-one lives. Being so closely packed within the 48-inch (120cm) diameter boilers tended to cause the muddy sediment to form hot pockets and were extremely difficult to clean. The stops were reversed on the downstream journey as passengers, mail, and tons of freight including four-hundred-pound bales of cotton were loaded and unloaded. "They had survived prison in one of the most hideous places the South had. Eclipse [Steamboat] - Encyclopedia of Arkansas A U.S. Coast Guard vessel searches the waters near the east bank of the Mississippi River near the I-10 bridge, just before noon, Wednesday, Dec. 1, 2021, after a man fell from the American Queen . The first steamboat on the Mississippi River along Iowas border was the 109-ton Virginia, on its way to Fort Snelling (now Saint Paul, Minnesota) in May 1823.
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